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Obstetrics & Gynecology 2002;99:229-234
© 2002 by The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists
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ORIGINAL RESEARCH

Hysterectomy Rates in the United States 1990–1997

Cynthia M. Farquhar, MD, FRANZCOG and Claudia A. Steiner, MD, MPH

From the Centers for Practice and Technology Assessment, and Organization and Delivery Studies, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville, Mary-land.

Address reprint requests to: Cynthia M. Farquhar, MD, FRANZCOG, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, National Women’s Hospital, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; E-mail: c.farquhar{at}auckland.ac.nz.


   ABSTRACT
TOP
ABSTRACT
MATERIALS AND METHODS
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
OBJECTIVE: To assess hysterectomy rates, type of hysterectomy, and other factors associated within the United States from 1990–1997.

METHODS: A descriptive statistical analysis of national discharge data was undertaken. Data from the nationwide Inpatient Sample of the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (from which national estimates are generated based on a 20% stratified sample of US community hospitals) were used for the years 1990–1997. All women who underwent hysterectomy were identified using International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, Clinical Modification, procedure codes. Outcome measures included rate, type of hysterectomy, age of patients, length of stay, total hospital charges, and diagnostic categories.

RESULTS: Rates of hysterectomy have not changed significantly over the years from 1990–1997. Rates for hysterectomy in 1990 were 5.5 per 1000 women and increased slightly by 1997 to 5.6 per 1000 women. The type of hysterectomy has changed, with laparoscopic hysterectomy accounting for 9.9% of cases by 1997, with a concomitant decline in abdominal hysterectomy but no substantial change in vaginal hysterectomy rates. Length of stay decreased and total charges increased for all types of hysterectomy. Vaginal hysterectomy and laparoscopic hysterectomy are associated with shorter length of stay than abdominal hysterectomy. Abdominal hysterectomy is the most common procedure (63.0% in 1997).

CONCLUSION: The majority of hysterectomies are abdominal, and the most common indication is uterine fibroids. The introduction of alternative techniques for controlling abnormal uterine bleeding such as endometrial ablation has not had an impact on hysterectomy rates, and there has only been a limited uptake of laparoscopic approaches.

Each year in the United States, 600,000 women undergo hysterectomy, and it is the most common nonpregnancy-related procedure performed.1,2 By the age of 60, nearly one in three women will have undergone hysterectomy.1,3 International hysterectomy rates vary, with the highest rates in the United States and the lowest rates in Norway and Sweden.4,5 There has been concern about the inappropriate overuse of hysterectomy.6,7 Furthermore, it has been reported that about 40,000 women (6.6%) who have a hysterectomy each year will fail to achieve desired results. A small but significant proportion of women who undergo hysterectomy will develop new symptoms after the hysterectomy such as pain and depression.8,9

Laparoscopically assisted vaginal hysterectomy was first introduced in the 1980s,10 and a number of advantages of this type of hysterectomy were proposed, including shorter length of stay, reduced complications, reduced hospital charges, and better surgical outcomes.11 Vaginal hysterectomy has long been a useful alternative to abdominal hysterectomy as less postoperative infection, shorter length of stays, and faster recovery time are reported.12 The hope with laparoscopically assisted vaginal hysterectomy was that it could replace some of the abdominal hysterectomy procedures that were not amenable to the vaginal approach. One study of women with relative contraindications for vaginal surgery, who were randomized to either laparoscopic hysterectomy or vaginal hysterectomy, suggested little benefit with the laparoscopic approach.13 However, in the trials of laparoscopic hysterectomy and abdominal hysterectomy, length of stay and recovery were shorter with the laparoscopic approach.14,15

The aim of this study was to assess the rates and type of hysterectomy in the United States over the years 1990–1997 and to determine the age of patients, length of stay, total hospital charges, and diagnostic category for each type of hysterectomy.


   MATERIALS AND METHODS
TOP
ABSTRACT
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
We obtained data from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project, which is built and disseminated through a federal-state-industry partnership sponsored by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.4 The Nationwide Inpatient Sample contains all discharge data from about 1000 hospitals (including university and specialty hospitals) located in 22 states, approximating a 20% stratified sample of US community hospitals from which it is possible to derive national estimates. All discharges with an International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) code corresponding to hysterectomy for women of any age were included. There were no exclusions. Hysterectomy was defined as the presence of an ICD-9-CM procedure code of 68.4 for abdominal hysterectomy, 68.5, 69.51, or 68.59 for vaginal hysterectomy, 68.3 for subtotal or supracervical hysterectomy, 68.51 for laparoscopic hysterectomy, 68.6, 68.7 for radical hysterectomy, and 68.9 for other and unspecified as a primary or secondary procedure on the discharge record. The ICD-9-CM code for laparoscopic hysterectomy was not introduced until October 1996. Therefore, observations before this time were identified when the code for laparoscopy (ICD-9-CM 54.21) was used in combination with vaginal hysterectomy, subtotal, or other hysterectomy. This methodology for identifying laparoscopic hysterectomy has been used previously.16 After 1996, when the code for laparoscopy and any other hysterectomy (except abdominal or radical) occurred together, these observations were included with the total for laparoscopically assisted vaginal hysterectomy. Given that this database reflects inpatient care only, it was important to examine whether many hysterectomies were performed as ambulatory surgery procedures in 1997. Therefore, the State Ambulatory Surgery Database for New York, another component of the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project databases, was examined for hysterectomy procedures. Only 0.1% of all hysterectomies in New York in 1997 were identified as ambulatory procedures. The Clinical Classification Software, a tool for clustering patient diagnoses into a manageable number of clinically meaningful categories, developed at the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, was used to define the diagnostic categories.17

Variables that were extracted included age of patients, length of stay, total hospital charges, and diagnosis. The data about race in this database were incomplete because many states do not collect race information, and although race was initially extracted and analyzed, it is not presented because of the large amount of missing data. Charges were not adjusted for inflation. Data were only available for the years 1990–1997 at the time these analyses were conducted.

Rates of hysterectomy for each year were calculated using the population of women over the age of 16 years as the denominator from US census data for each year (estimated for each year based on the 1990 census data). For each method of hysterectomy, the median age, median length of stay, and the median total charges were computed, as the data were not normally distributed. The frequency of each method of hysterectomy was calculated for grouped diagnostic codes. SAS software was used to conduct the analyses (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC).


   RESULTS
TOP
ABSTRACT
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
 RESULTS
DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
For the years 1990–1997, the rates of hysterectomy in the United States have not changed substantially (Table 1Go). However, there has been a change in the type of hysterectomy performed. Abdominal hysterectomy is the most frequent procedure over the 8 years studied, and in 1997 represented 63% of all procedures. The frequency of abdominal hysterectomy decreased to its lowest in 1994, but then plateaued. There was a concomitant increase in laparoscopic hysterectomy, whereas abdominal hysterectomy was decreasing. Laparoscopic procedures represented 9.9% and vaginal hysterectomy 23% of all hysterectomies in 1997. There was a 30-fold increase in the frequency of laparoscopic hysterectomy over the 8 years. Subtotal hysterectomy tripled over the 8 years studied but represented only 2% of all hysterectomies.


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  		Table 1. Annual Rates and Incidence of Different Types of Hysterectomy, 1990–1997
 
The median age for hysterectomy by type of hysterectomy is presented in Table 2Go. The median length of stay declined for each type of hysterectomy over the 8 years studied (Table 2Go). Laparoscopic hysterectomy had the shortest length of stay in 1990 of 3 days and by 1997 this had declined to 2 days. The median total hospital charges were the lowest in women who underwent vaginal hysterectomy for all of the years studied (Table 2Go). The total hospital charges for laparoscopic hysterectomy almost doubled from 1990 to 1997.


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  		Table 2. Median Age (y), Length of Stay (d), and Total Hospital Charges (US$) for Type of Hysterectomy
 
The primary diagnosis varied by type of hysterectomy, and 40% or greater of abdominal and subtotal hysterectomies were performed for fibroids (Table 3Go). Of women with fibroids, endometriosis, cancer, or inflammatory diseases of the pelvis as a primary diagnosis, more than two thirds underwent abdominal hysterectomy (Table 4Go). When uterovaginal prolapse was the primary diagnosis, vaginal hysterectomy was the most frequent procedure.


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  		Table 3. Distribution of Diagnoses of Each Type of Hysterectomy, 1997 (Eight Top Diagnoses Only)
 

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  		Table 4. Distribution of Hysterectomy Types for the Most Common Diagnostic Categories, 1997 (Eight Top Diagnoses Only)
 

   DISCUSSION
TOP
ABSTRACT
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
 
Hysterectomy rates in the United States have changed little over the 8 years reported, but have declined over the past two decades. The Centers for Disease Control National Hospital Discharge Survey reported a slight decline in rates from 1980 (7.1 hysterectomies per 1000 women) to 1987 (6.6 per 1000 women).2 The survey was redesigned in 1988, which is believed to account for lowered rates being reported (the average annual rate for 1988–1993 was 5.5 per 1000 women).2 The rates that we have reported for 1990 are very similar to those rates reported by the National Hospital Discharge Survey (5.5 per 1000 women in 1990).2 The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development data for 1996 suggests that the US rates are three to four times higher than those in Australia, New Zealand, and most European countries.5

This report builds on and updates an earlier study using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample of the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project.18 There is potential with all administratively collected data to contain inaccuracies especially with regard to coding of diagnoses or type of procedure. Although the total numbers of hysterectomy are likely to be robust, there is some concern that the diagnostic codes may contain inaccuracies. For example, 15% of radical hysterectomies do not appear to have cancer as an indication.

Laparoscopic hysterectomy accounted for nearly 10% of all hysterectomies performed in 1997. The appropriate proportion of hysterectomies that should be performed laparoscopically is unknown. A randomized controlled trial of vaginal hysterectomy versus laparoscopic hysterectomy among women with relative contraindications for vaginal surgery (enlarged uterus with fibroids) suggested that the majority of hysterectomies can be performed by the vaginal approach.12 A review of 34 case series reported that laparoscopic hysterectomy involved a shorter hospital stay, speedier postoperative recovery, and less analgesia use, but also a higher rate of bladder injury and longer duration of surgery.19 The results from our report show that the proportion of laparoscopic hysterectomy is not high, and the resultant decrease in numbers of abdominal procedures is appropriate.

There is much to commend vaginal hysterectomy as a method of hysterectomy for parous women without large fibroids. Vaginal hysterectomy usually takes less than hour, inpatient stays are approximately 2 days, it is associated with fewer intraoperative or postoperative complications (compared with abdominal hysterectomy), and it is less costly than either laparoscopic or abdominal hysterectomy.12–14,20 However, the number of vaginal hysterectomies over the 8 years studied has essentially remained unchanged in the United States. In 1997, less than a quarter of the hysterectomies performed in the United States were by the vaginal route, which is similar to other US reports.2 Overall, the rates of vaginal hysterectomy in the United States are lower than those reported in France and Australia where approximately 40–50% of patients undergo hysterectomy by the vaginal route.21,22

The most common diagnosis for hysterectomy in this report was leiomyoma. Leiomyomas are commonly reported among black women, accounting for 75% of hysterectomies among this ethnic group.23 The management of symptomatic uterine leiomyoma is challenging because of the paucity of clinical trials and a failure of much of the research to report long-term clinical outcomes.23 Furthermore, little is known about the natural history of women with asymptomatic fibroids. The use of uterine artery embolization is promising, although the evaluation of this experimental procedure is limited by the lack of evidence from randomized controlled trials and the lack of follow-up of cohorts beyond 1 year.24 Another frequent diagnosis was menstrual disorders, and there are a number of conservative surgical and nonsurgical options available to manage menstrual problems. Endometrial ablation is now widely available, and up to 75% of women will subsequently avoid hysterectomy over the 4 years after the procedure.25 If further declines in hysterectomy rates are to occur, effective treatments for managing common reproductive conditions need to be considered, and future research needs to focus on nonsurgical alternatives for fibroid management.


   Footnotes
 
This work was supported by The Commonwealth Fund of New York, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.

The views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality or the Commonwealth Fund of New York, its directors, officers, or staff.

PII S0029-7844(01)01723-9

Received May 10, 2001. Received in revised form October 11, 2001. Accepted October 25, 2001.


   REFERENCES
TOP
ABSTRACT
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
1. Wilcox LS, Koonin LM, Pokras R, Strauss LT, Xia Z, Peterson HB. Hysterectomy in the United States, 1988–1990. Obstet Gynecol 1994;83:549–55.[Medline]

2. Lepine LA, Hillis SD, Marchbanks PA, Koonin LM, Morrow B, Kieke BA, Wilcox LS. Hysterectomy surveillance — United States, 1980–1993. MMWR CDC Surveill Summ 1997;46:1–15.

3. Easterday CL, Grimes DA. Hysterectomy in the United States. Obstet Gynecol 1983;62:203–12.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

4. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. The HCUP State Inpatient Database (SID), and the ambulatory database 1997. Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP), 1988–97: A federal-state-industry partnership in health data. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville, MD. Available via the Internet at http://www.ahrq.gov/data/hcup/hcup-pkt.htm. Last assessed December 2001.

5. Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development Health Data 1999. CD ROM version. Paris: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.

6. Broder MS, Kanouse DE, Mittman BS, Bernstein SJ. The appropriateness of recommendations for hysterectomy. Obstet Gynecol 2000;95:199–205.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

7. Bernstein SJ, McGlynn EA, Siu AL, Roth CP, Sherwood MJ, Keesey JW, et al. The appropriateness of hysterectomy. A comparison of care in seven health plans. Health Maintenance Organization Quality of Care Consortium. J Am Med Assn 1993;269:2398–402.[Abstract]

8. Kjerulff KH, Langenberg PW, Rhodes JC, Harvey LA, Guzinski GM, Stolley PD. Effectiveness of hysterectomy. Obstet Gynecol 2000;95:319–26.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

9. Carlson KJ, Miller BA, Fowler FJ. The Maine women’s health study: Outcomes of hysterectomy. Obstet Gynecol 1994;83:556–65.[Medline]

10. Reich H, Decaprio J, McGlynn F. Laparoscopic hysterectomy. J Gynecol Surg 1989;5:213–6.

11. Garry R. Various approaches to laparoscopic hysterectomy. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 1994;6:215–22.[Medline]

12. Kovac SR. Hysterectomy outcomes in patients with similar indications. Obstet Gynecol 2000;95:787–93.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

13. Richardson RE, Bournas N, Magos AL. Is laparoscopic hysterectomy a waste of time? Lancet 1995;345:36–41.[Medline]

14. Marana R, Busacca M, Zupi E, Garcea N, Paparella P, Catalana GF. Laparoscopically assisted vaginal hysterectomy versus total abdominal hysterectomy: A prospective, randomized, multicenter study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999;180:270–5.[Medline]

15. Falcone T, Paraiso MF, Mascha E. Prospective randomized clinical trial of laparoscopically assisted vaginal hysterectomy versus total abdominal hysterectomy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999;180:955–62.[Medline]

16. Myers ER, Steege JF. Risk adjustment for complications of hysterectomy: Limitations of routinely collected administrative data. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999;181:567–75.[Medline]

17. Clinical Classifications Software (CCS) summary and download summary and downloading information. Agency for Health Care Policy and Research, Rockville, MD. Available via the Internet at http://www.ahrq.gov/data/ccs.htm. Last accessed December 2000.

18. Sills ES, Saini J, Steiner CA, McGee M, Gretz HF. Abdominal hysterectomy practice patterns in the United States. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 1998;63:277–83.[Medline]

19. Meikle SF, Nugent EW, Orleans M. Complications and recovery from laparoscopy-assisted vaginal hysterectomy compared with abdominal and vaginal hysterectomy. Obstet Gynecol 1997;89:304–11.[Abstract]

20. Dorsey JH, Holtz PM, Griffiths RI, McGrath MM, Steinberg EP. Costs and charges associated with three alternative techniques of hysterectomy. N Engl J Med 1996;335: 476–82.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

21. Chapron C, Laforest L, Ansquer Y, Fauconnier A, Fernandez B, Breart G, Dubuisson JB. Hysterectomy techniques used for benign pathologies: Results of a multicenter study. Hum Reprod 1999;14:2464–70.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

22. Yusuf F, Siedlecky S. Hysterectomy and endometrial ablation in New South Wales, 1981 to 1994–1995. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 1997;37:212–6.

23. Palmer JR, Rao RS, Adams-Campbell LL, Rosenberg L. Correlates of hysterectomy among African-American women. Am J Epidemiol 1999;150:1309–15.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

24. Myers ER, Barber MD, Couchman GM, et al. Management of uterine fibroids. Evidence report/technology assessment no. 34 (Duke Evidence-Based Practice Center). AHRQ publication no. 01-E052. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, 2001.

25. Aberdeen Endometrial Ablation Trials Group. A randomised trial of endometrial ablation versus hysterectomy for the treatment of dysfunctional uterine bleeding: Outcome at four years. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1999;106:360–6.[Medline]




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Risk of Benign Gynecologic Tumors in Relation to Prenatal Diethylstilbestrol Exposure
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[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Obstet GynecolHome page
O. H. Harmanli, R. Khilnani, V. Dandolu, and A. J. Chatwani
Narrow Pubic Arch and Increased Risk of Failure for Vaginal Hysterectomy
Obstet. Gynecol., October 1, 2004; 104(4): 697 - 700.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Mol Hum ReprodHome page
T. Kanamori, K. Takakura, M. Mandai, M. Kariya, K. Fukuhara, M. Sakaguchi, N.-h. Huh, K. Saito, T. Sakurai, J. Fujita, et al.
Increased expression of calcium-binding protein S100 in human uterine smooth muscle tumours
Mol. Hum. Reprod., October 1, 2004; 10(10): 735 - 742.
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 Hum ReprodHome page
J.L. Marino, B. Eskenazi, M. Warner, S. Samuels, P. Vercellini, N. Gavoni, and D. Olive
Uterine leiomyoma and menstrual cycle characteristics in a population-based cohort study
Hum. Reprod., October 1, 2004; 19(10): 2350 - 2355.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Obstet GynecolHome page
I. Nygaard, C. Bradley, and D. Brandt
Pelvic Organ Prolapse in Older Women: Prevalence and Risk Factors
Obstet. Gynecol., September 1, 2004; 104(3): 489 - 497.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Hum ReprodHome page
L. A. Wise, J. R. Palmer, B. L. Harlow, D. Spiegelman, E. A. Stewart, L. L. Adams-Campbell, and L. Rosenberg
Risk of uterine leiomyomata in relation to tobacco, alcohol and caffeine consumption in the Black Women's Health Study
Hum. Reprod., August 1, 2004; 19(8): 1746 - 1754.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 ANN INTERN MEDHome page
L. C. Walter, K. Lindquist, and K. E. Covinsky
Relationship between Health Status and Use of Screening Mammography and Papanicolaou Smears among Women Older Than 70 Years of Age
Ann Intern Med, May 4, 2004; 140(9): 681 - 688.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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L. A. Learman, R. L. Summitt Jr, R E. Varner, H. E. Richter, F. Lin, C. C. Ireland, M. Kuppermann, E. Vittinghoff, J. Showstack, A E. Washington, et al.
Hysterectomy Versus Expanded Medical Treatment for Abnormal Uterine Bleeding: Clinical Outcomes in the Medicine or Surgery Trial
Obstet. Gynecol., May 1, 2004; 103(5): 824 - 833.
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 Obstet GynecolHome page
J. Showstack, M. Kuppermann, F. Lin, E. Vittinghoff, R E. Varner, R. L. Summitt Jr, S G. McNeeley, L. A. Learman, H. Richter, S. Hulley, et al.
Resource Use for Total and Supracervical Hysterectomies: Results of a Randomized Trial
Obstet. Gynecol., May 1, 2004; 103(5): 834 - 841.
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M. Kuppermann, R. E. Varner, R. L. Summitt Jr, L. A. Learman, C. Ireland, E. Vittinghoff, A. L. Stewart, F. Lin, H. E. Richter, J. Showstack, et al.
Effect of Hysterectomy vs Medical Treatment on Health-Related Quality of Life and Sexual Functioning: The Medicine or Surgery (Ms) Randomized Trial
JAMA, March 24, 2004; 291(12): 1447 - 1455.
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 Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev.Home page
R. P. Insinga, A. G. Glass, and B. B. Rush
Pap Screening in a U.S. Health Plan
Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., March 1, 2004; 13(3): 355 - 360.
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B. A. Esdaile, R. A. Chalian, G. Del Priore, J. R. Smith, L. Rieger, J. Dietl, and L. A. Learman
A Randomized Comparison of Total or Supracervical Hysterectomy: Surgical Complications and Clinical Outcomes
Obstet. Gynecol., March 1, 2004; 103(3): 581 - 583.
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 BMJHome page
R. Garry, J. Fountain, S. Mason, J. Hawe, V. Napp, J. Abbott, R. Clayton, G. Phillips, M. Whittaker, R. Lilford, et al.
The eVALuate study: two parallel randomised trials, one comparing laparoscopic with abdominal hysterectomy, the other comparing laparoscopic with vaginal hysterectomy
BMJ, January 17, 2004; 328(7432): 129.
[Abstract]