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ORIGINAL RESEARCH |
From The Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern University Medical Center; and Biostatistics Unit, The Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Rush Medical College, Chicago, Illinois.
Address reprint requests to: E. Steve Lichtenberg, MD, MPH, 5086 North Elston Avenue, Chicago, IL 60630; E-mail: fpamg{at}cais.com.
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ABSTRACT |
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 ABSTRACT MATERIALS AND METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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METHODS: We randomized 800 women requesting first-trimester abortion to two study groups: 1) 100 mg of doxycycline administered orally twice a day for 7 days or 2) 100 mg of doxycycline orally twice a day for 3 days followed by an oral placebo twice daily for the last 4 days. Doxycycline was prescribed immediately after surgery.
RESULTS: There were no statistically significant differences in age, race, gravidity, parity, number of previous abortions, current gestational age, and history of previous pelvic infection, chlamydia, or intrauterine device use. Women in the doxycycline plus placebo group were more likely to have had a history of gonorrhea (3.3% versus 0.8%, P = .42) or chlamydia (7.0% versus 4.3%, P =.18). The 66.3% of enrollees returning for 2-week examinations were distributed similarly between study groups and were similarly compliant in self-reported pill taking (mean 97.5%). The study groups did not differ in the incidence of postoperative symptoms or examination findings suggesting infection. One patient in the doxycycline-only group developed endometritis and was treated as an outpatient.
CONCLUSION: Shortening oral doxycycline prophylaxis from 7 to 3 days had no adverse effect on the incidence of postabortion infection.
Periabortion antibiotic prophylaxis has been shown to reduce postabortion infection in women undergoing elective first-trimester vacuum abortion. In a meta-analysis comprising over 5000 women, Sawaya et al1 found an overall 42% decrease in infection after analyzing results from 12 randomized trials with treatment courses from 2 hours to 2 weeks in length that encompassed regimens from five different antibiotic classes—penicillins, tetracyclines, macrolides, imidazoles, and quinolones. The overall protective effect was highest in women with a history of pelvic inflammatory disease or a positive chlamydia culture.
Citing this evidence, The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG)2 and the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists3 currently recommend the use of antibiotic prophylaxis at the time of induced abortion. ACOG makes no recommendation about specific regimens, but the Royal College cites the combination of 1 g of rectal metronidazole at the time of abortion plus 1 week of oral doxycycline, 100 mg twice daily for 7 days, beginning after surgery.
Current practice among US abortion providers appears generally to reflect these recommendations. A recent survey4 of practice patterns among member facilities of the National Abortion Federation, the largest professional association of North American abortion providers, performing a third of all first-trimester abortions, found that 91% routinely prescribe prophylactic antibiotics, with doxycycline as the favored drug (81%, 191 of 236 responding sites). Relative to 1-day (15%), 3-day (16%), and 5-day (16%) courses, a 1-week regimen of doxycycline is most commonly chosen (40%, unpublished data). We devised this randomized trial to test whether reducing the duration of doxycycline oral prophylaxis from 7 days to 3 days would increase the incidence of postabortion infection. Shorter-course prophylaxis increases patient compliance, lessens side effects, and may encourage greater physician use.
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MATERIALS AND METHODS |
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weeks from last menstrual period, speak English, and live within a 50-mile radius. In addition, we excluded patients who were allergic to tetracyclines, breast-feeding, on current antibiotic therapy, febrile (higher than 37.5C orally), symptomatic for pelvic infection, or unable to swallow pills. Finally, we excluded patients whose care was being funded by a health maintenance organization because these patients were often instructed by the referring site to seek follow-up care with their primary physician. In all, 461 women were excluded under these criteria (Table 1
). The remaining 800 women constituted the study population.
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Every effort was made to insure double masking. Postoperatively, the recovery room charge nurse dispensed antibiotic packets in identical opaque brown envelopes by individual allocation. Identification numbers assigned at the time of enrollment determined these allocations. A study coordinator kept the randomization code; she also formulated the antibiotic packets but did not perform clinical services, data analysis, or interpretation of outcomes. We used a generic form of doxycycline and similar-appearing placebo tablets. Identical-appearing packets contained either 14 doxycycline tablets or six doxycycline tablets and eight placebos. Patients receiving placebos were carefully instructed to begin these after finishing all doxycycline tablets and were not aware that some tablets were chemically inactive. During their follow-up visit or phone call, patients gave no indication that they had guessed or even attempted to guess which treatment group they were in. Surgeons were unaware of the treatment code and did not participate in the care of patients postoperatively
Patients were encouraged to return for their 2-week follow-up visit with a promise of three cycles of oral contraceptives at no charge or a small cash award. An existing staff of advanced practice nurses specially trained in abortion care conducted all follow-up visits. At this examination, patients filled out a standard form containing a checklist of common symptoms related to infection, and vital signs were taken. The practitioner reviewed the checklist and performed and recorded a directed abdominal and bimanual pelvic examination for each returning patient. Finally, we conducted a telephone survey of a random sample of nonreturnees to inquire about possible postoperative problems.
Before beginning the study, a sample size of 400 women in each group was calculated to achieve 88% power at a 5% significance level to detect an increase in infection rates from 2% to 6.5%,1 based on the 
2 test of association. The final sample sizes of 257 in the doxycycline-only group and 273 in the doxycycline plus placebo group insured at least 83% power for detecting an increase in infection rates from 2% to 7.5%, again based on the 2 test of association (nQuery Advisor 2.0; Statistical Solutions, Saugus, MA). Comparison of groups with respect to categoric variables was done with the 2 test of association or the Fisher exact test. The pooled variance t test was used to compare groups with respect to age, and the Mann–Whitney test was done to compare groups with respect to the remaining noncategoric demographic variables. The statistician (SS) was masked to treatment allocation; she conducted and interpreted analyses before the treatment code was revealed. A .05 significance level was used for all statistical tests. No one-sided tests were done.
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RESULTS |
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. The mean ages of women who qualified for the study (n = 800) closely matched those who were excluded (n = 461) (Table 2). Although a statistically significant difference was found between qualified and excluded patients with respect to self-reported race, the racial percentages were similar in these two groups (Table 2). There was close similarity with respect to racial or ethnic composition between the doxycycline-only (n = 257) and the doxycycline plus placebo (n = 273) groups who returned for follow-up examinations (Table 3). There were no statistically significant differences between women who returned for a follow-up visit and women who did not return with respect to age, gravidity, parity, and the percentages with induced and spontaneous abortions (Table 3).
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). We also analyzed the infection risk profile according to treatment allocation (Table 4). Placebo-treated women had higher rates of all historical categories for pelvic risk, but only with a history of gonorrhea did the percentage difference reach statistical significance.
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Clinical infection was defined as reported pelvic pain plus an on-site oral temperature greater than 37.5C and either uterine, adnexal, or abdominal rebound tenderness. One patient met these criteria. She presented with reported pelvic pain and an oral temperature of 37.6C. On examination she had uterine but no adnexal or abdominal rebound tenderness. Her white cell count was 11,500 mm3 (normal range 3500–11,000 mm3), and she responded rapidly to a course of outpatient treatment with 150 mg of oral clindamycin. She had received and taken a 7-day course of doxycycline.
To canvass the population of 270 nonreturnees, we conducted a random telephone survey of these patients. We succeeded in obtaining responses from 32 of these (12%), 17 and 15 of whom were in the doxycycline-only and doxycycline plus placebo groups, respectively. One patient in the former group reported transient cramping without fever, and one patient in the latter group, noted to have uterine fibroids, gave a history of fever and cramping that abated after 1 day. A compilation of patient-reported postoperative problems among returnees and telephone contacts (n = 562) is presented in Table 5.
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DISCUSSION |
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The decision to forgo preoperative cervical screening in our patient population was based on several factors. First, the baseline incidence of sexually transmitted diseases in our contraceptive population and the incidence of postabortion infections in our surgical population are low. Second, others5 have found that a strategy of universal prophylaxis is at least as effective in preventing postabortion infection as a screen and treat strategy for Chlamydia trachomatis or Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
Although a 3-day course of doxycycline is not among the regimens currently recommended for chlamydial treatment by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC),6 1-day doxycycline regimens have proven effective in prior randomized, blinded trials of periabortion prophylaxis in which the drug was compared with a placebo. Darj and co-workers7 reported efficacy with a single oral dose of 400 mg 10–12 hours before surgery (relative risk [RR] 0.33; confidence interval [CI] 0.22, 0.73), and Levallois and Rioux8 reported a more striking result using 300 mg as a divided 1-day dose (RR 0.12; CI 0.08, 0.38). Efficacy of these short-course regimens in this setting may be bolstered because most abortion patients probably comply with the customary admonition that they refrain from coitus for 2 weeks after the abortion.
Four prior trials7–10 have shown oral doxycycline to be effective in reducing postabortion infection relative to placebo. Because it is inexpensive, easily tolerated, and effective, doxycycline is the current drug of choice in 81% of member facilities of the National Abortion Federation that routinely prescribe antibiotic prophylaxis.4 Members of this association perform a total of more than 350,000 first-trimester abortions annually, and their preferences may well reflect antibiotic choices of the wider array of clinicians performing abortions in North America.
The age and race or ethnicity of those who returned for follow-up did not differ significantly from those who failed to return (Table 2
). Moreover, these features closely parallel those of US women in a national survey11 who obtained induced abortions in a comparable time period, indicating that our study probably provided a representative sample of such women.
Our follow-up rate of 66% exceeds that reported in recent surgical abortion studies12,13 in the United States, and our telephone survey increased the likelihood of uncovering all possible instances of infection. In addition, our experience and community visibility as a major provider of abortion services for 14 years make it likely that we would have been contacted about a noteworthy complication in a nonreturning patient. Nonetheless, it is possible that one or more such events occurred without our knowledge.
Self-reported pill compliance, defined as taking all pills for at least 6 days, was about 97% for both study groups. We did not verify these reports by requiring pill counts, but other studies that have done so report nonadherence of 13% to 93% in adult outpatients.14 Wehbeh et al15 used pill bottles with an embedded microchip to monitor pill compliance without patient knowledge in a small group (n = 30) of pregnant women who were given a 10-day course of erythromycin to treat cervical culture–positive C trachomatis. Despite intensive counseling and their pregnant status, these women took a mean of less than 23 of the 40 tablets prescribed, with ingestion and dosing intervals faltering after day 3. Shortening antibiotic regimens is likely to result in better patient compliance, decreased drug-related side effects, and possibly more universal use by clinicians.
Worldwide, the ranges of infection rates reported in large case series for first- and second-trimester induced abortion are quite similar.16 During second-trimester induction abortion, Spence et al17 observed a statistically significant reduction in postabortion endometritis among 198 women randomized to cephalothin versus placebo. It is therefore possible that short-course prophylactic regimens could be safely applied to induced abortion beyond the first trimester.
The advent of rapid, highly accurate assays for diagnosing sexually transmitted diseases offers the opportunity to evaluate screen-and-treat regimens using single dose (directly observed therapy) drug regimens if cost and microbiologic issues can be overcome. The CDC6 currently recommends azithromycin (1 g) in a single oral dose for treatment of uncomplicated chlamydial infection. In the case of asymptomatic gonorrhea, guidelines of the California Department of Health Services Sexually Transmitted Disease Control Branch18 sanction azithromycin (2 g) as a single dose (with a test of cure).
In our study, shortening the course of oral doxycycline prophylaxis after elective vacuum abortion to 3 days did not result in an increase in postabortion infection. Future trials are needed to compare a several-day course with briefer regimens in the first and second trimester, and multicenter trials could add greater generalizability to our findings.
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Footnotes |
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Received June 20, 2002. Received in revised form August 18, 2002. Accepted October 17, 2002.
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REFERENCES |
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2. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Antibiotic prophylaxis for gynecologic procedures. ACOG practice bulletin no. 23. Washington: American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, 2001.
3. Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. The care of women requesting induced abortion. Evidence based guideline no. 7. London: RCOG, 2000.
4. Lichtenberg ES, Paul M, Jones H. First trimester surgical abortion practices: A survey of National Abortion Federation members. Contraception 2001;64:345–52.[Medline]
5. Penney GC, Thomson M, Norman J, McKenzie H, Vale L, Smith R, et al. A randomized comparison of strategies for reducing infective complications of induced abortion. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1998;105:599–604.[Medline]
6. Division of Sexually Transmitted Diseases. Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines 2002. Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment. Accessed 2003 Jan 17.
7. Darj E, Stralin E-B, Nilsson S. The prophylactic effect of doxycycline on postoperative infection after first-trimester abortion. Obstet Gynecol 1987;70:755–8.[Medline]
8. Levallois P, Rioux J-E. Prophylactic antibiotics for suction curettage abortion: Results of a clinical trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1988;158:100–5.[Medline]
9. London RS, London ED, Siegelbaum M, Goldstein P. Use of doxycycline in elective first trimester abortion. South Med J 1978;71:672–3.[Medline]
10. Brewer C. Prevention of infection after abortion with a supervised single dose of oral doxycycline. BMJ 1980;281: 780–1.
11. Henshaw SK, Kost K. Abortion patients in 1994-1995: Characteristics and contraceptive use. Fam Plann Perspect 1996;28:140–7, 158.[Medline]
12. Edwards J, Creinin MD. Surgical abortion for gestations of less than 6 weeks. Curr Probl Obstet Gynecol Fertil 1997; 20:11–9.
13. Paul M, Lackie E, Mitchell C, Rogers A, Fox M. Is pathology examination useful after early surgical abortion? Obstet Gynecol 2002;99:567–71.
14. Sclar DA, Tartaglione TA, Fine MJ. Overview of issues related to medical compliance with implications for the outpatient management of infectious diseases. Infect Agents Dis 1994;3:266–73.[Medline]
15. Wehbeh H, Fleisher JM, Coasino M, Ayoub A, Margossian H, Zarou D. Erythromycin for Chlamydiasis in pregnant women. J Reprod Med 2000;45:465–8.[Medline]
16. Lichtenberg ES, Grimes DA, Paul M. Abortion complications: Prevention and management. In: Paul M, Lichtenberg ES, Borgatta L, Grimes DA, Stubblefield PG, eds. A clinician’s guide to medical and surgical abortion. New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1999:197–216.
17. Spence MR, King TM, Burkman RT, Atienza MF. Cephalothin prophylaxis for midtrimester abortion. Obstet Gynecol 1982;60:502–5.
18. California STD/HIV Prevention Training Center. California STD treatment guidelines for adults and adolescents 2002.Berkeley, California: California STD/HIV Prevention Training Center. Available at http://www.dhs.ca.gov/ps/dcdc/std/docs/Txguidln2002.pdf. Accessed 2003 Jan 17.
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