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ORIGINAL RESEARCH |
From the Division of Gynecology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland, and Division of Gynecology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
Address reprint requests to: Gabriel N. Schaer, MD, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kantonsspital, CH-5001 Aarau, Switzerland, E-mail: gabriel.schaer{at}ksa.ch
Objective: To evaluate a new sonographic method to measure depth and width of proximal urethral dilation during coughing and Valsalva maneuver and to report its use in a group of stress-incontinent and continent women.
Methods: Fifty-eight women were evaluated, 30 with and 28 without stress incontinence proven urodynamically, with a bladder volume of 300 mL and the subjects upright. Urethral pressure profiles at rest were performed with a 10 French microtip pressure catheter. Bladder neck dilation and descent were assessed by perineal ultrasound (5 MHz curved linear array transducer) with the help of ultrasound contrast medium (galactose suspension–Echovist-300), whereas abdominal pressure was assessed with an intrarectal balloon catheter. Statistical analysis used the nonparametric Mann-Whitney test.
Results: The depth and diameter of urethral dilation could be measured in all women. During Valsalva, all 30 incontinent women exhibited urethral dilation. One incontinent woman showed dilation only while performing a Valsalva maneuver, not during coughing. In the continent group, 12 women presented dilation during Valsalva and six during coughing. In continent women, dilation was visible only in those who were parous. Nulliparous women did not have dilation during Valsalva or coughing. Bladder neck descent was visible in continent and incontinent women.
Conclusion: This method permits quantification of depth and diameter of bladder neck dilation, showing that both incontinent and continent women might have bladder neck dilation and that urinary continence can be established at different locations along the urethra in different women. Parity seems to be a main prerequisite for a proximal urethral defect with bladder neck dilation.
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